Private security firm licensed to sell firearms New Vision July 27, 1997 Ukraine Viercom Arms deliveries to Rwandan and Burundian Hutu rebel forces HRW, Stoking... United Kingdom Mil-Tec Corporation Ltd. Arms deliveries to Rwandan Hutu regime after the U.N. arms embargo was imposed Representative: Anoop Vidyarthi (also owns Travelour, a travel agency & an import-export business, both based in London) Registered 1993: Douglas, Isle of Man, United Kingdom; Directors 1993: David Clarke & Bernard Galka, partners of BDO Binder accountancy firms Address listed on weapons: accounting firm based in Hove; representative Vinod P. Dhiri denies all involvement with the corporation and insists that the address was used without the company?s knowledge; Cargo airlines utilized for shipping: Lufthansa (Germany), Sabena (Belgium), AeroFlot (Russia); Transported via: Israel and Albania; Payment: made through Belgium, France, & Egypt Connected to: Ghazi Tamiz Ud Din Khan, Afghani who did business with the company in 1993 & has been implicated in other arms sales; he is based in Rome, Italy London Times, November 19, 1996, Milan Corriere 11/19/96 Mil-Tec Marketing Arms deliveries to Rwandan Hutu regime President: Paul Restorick; admitted to shipping guns to Rwanda, but only before arms embargo was levied. He also denied any connection with Mil-Tec Corporation, noting that his company is named Mil-Tec Marketing. London Times, November 19, 1996 Defense Systems Ltd. Private security firm operating in Angola, Zambia, & Mozambique Southern Africa Monthly Regional Bulletin 5/98 United States Teleservices Private security firm currently operating in Angola [alleged] Subsidiary of Gray Security, a reported U.S.- based firm; Teleservices ?recently became a major player and the biggest private security operator in Angola? [alleged] Southern Africa Monthly Regional Bulletin 5/98 Military Professional Resources Inc. (MPRI) Private military training & advising firm that was in negotiation over possible contracts in Angola & Zaire, but no deals were ever implemented Private security firm based in Alexandria, Virginia; Founded by: former General Ed Soyster; President: Vernon Lewis, Jr.; annual sales for 1996 totaled over $25 million showing an increase of over 250% since 1993 1201 E Abingdon Dr., Alexandria, Va 23311-1420, Tel: (703) 684-0853 National Security News Service 1997, Dun & Bradstreet Search Engine Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Defense Industries Arms deliveries to Angolan government, Zaire & rebel forces in Sudan Government controlled arms manufacturer; Produces: ammunition & land mines; Chief Executive: Colonel Rshinga Dube Zimbabwe Independent 8/22/97 TRANSPORTING COMPANIES AND/OR INDIVIDUALS Location and/or nationality Transport Company/ Shipper Alleged and/or Confirmed Connections to... Details Source Belgium Malta Forest Arms deliveries to Burundi Belgian-Zaire venture based in Zaire; ostensibly based in construction work in Zaire; evidence of arms transporting; Connected to: George Forrest Int?l (?contracts in mining business in Congo and elsewhere?) HRW, Stoking... Internat?l Marketing Agency (Intermag) Arms deliveries to Burundi Arms transporter & broker; Connected to: Mathias Hitiamana HRW, Stoking..., Austin 5/2/98 COGIMEX Arms deliveries to Burundi Arms transporter & broker HRW, Stoking... Occidental Airlines Arms deliveries to Burundi Tel: 32 (0) 59/51.42.40 Fax: 32 (0) 59/51.01.03 HRW, Stoking... CEP NV Ltd. Arms deliveries to Burundi Probable link to Directors of CEP, based in Delaware, United States De Morgen 1/4/97 Sabena Air Arms deliveries to Zaire Belgium state airline Tel (Kinshasa): (88) 41299 Fax (Kinshasa): (88) 43544 Saferworld ?98 Trans-Air Cargo (TAC) Arms deliveries to UNITA, Burundian factions Also known as Transami Air Cargo, renamed Scac Delmas Vieljeux (SDV) in January 1997; SDV denies involvement in arms smuggling; Aircraft: Britannia-31 De Morgen 1/4/97, HRW, Angola...., Stoking..., Arms Trade... France DYL-Invest Arms deliveries to Rwandan Hutu regime via Zaire Owner: Dominique Lemonnier (died of a heart attack, 4/11/97); DYL was contracted by Mil-Tec Corporation Ltd. to deliver arms to Rwandan Hutu Cran-Gevrier, Haut-Savoie, France AP (Chris Burns) 1/12/98, Figaro Jan 13 1998 Alain Timsit Arms deliveries to UNITA & Congo Republic (Lissouba?s forces) Mercenary pilot; former French marine colonel; runs an air cargo transporting company Liberation 10/30/97 Germany Lufthansa Arms deliveries to former Rwandan Hutu regime Tel (Kinshasa): (12) 27762 Fax (Kinshasa): 12 21633 London Times 11/19/96 Russia Aeroflot Arms deliveries to former Rwandan Hutu regime & Burundi Tutsi controlled government London Times 11/19/96, HRW, Stoking... Ecotrends Arms deliveries to UNITA Connected to: Global Trends based in NYC & Safair in South Africa HRW, Arms Trade... Saudi Arabia Trans Arabian Transport Company Arms deliveries to Burundi government Owned by a Saudi Arabian of Sudanese origin De Standaard 3/13/98 Location and/or nationality Transport Company/ Shipper Alleged and/or Confirmed Connections to... Details Source South Africa Yurand Air Fuel deliveries to UNITA, Zaire, & Botswana Connected to: William Ters Ehlers Owner: Iouri Sidirov, Russian Aircrafts: Antonov-32 & Antonov-12; Yurand Air was grounded in Namibia 2/96 under allegation of 10 illegal fights to UNITA, Zaire, & Botswana Mail & Guardian 3/15/96 Captain Peter Bietzke Arms and supplies deliveries to UNITA Pilot operating with Crew: R Swanepoel, M Steyn, MJ Steyn, GW Allen, M van Eeckelen, MJ Jeffries, Johnny Perreira & Mr Steenberg; Plane: DC-4 Belgian aircraft; pilot admits to over 300 flights to UNITA; no arms were found on confiscated planes Mail & Guardian 2/6/98 Spoornet Arms deliveries to Burundian and Rwandan Hutu rebels State railway company; via Zambia & Tanzania; Spoornet officials allegedly are aware of arms shipping activities HRW, Stoking..., Mail & Guardian 12/5/97 Barbarian Aircraft Company Arms deliveries to UNITA HRW, Arms Trade... Westair Arms deliveries to UNITA HRW, Arms Trade... Professio-nal Aviations Arms deliveries to UNITA Angola grounded a this company in March 1993 for 27 alleged transports to UNITA between 10/92 & 12/92 HRW, Arms Trade... Wonder Air Arms deliveries to UNITA Registered owners: Gert de Klerk (former associate of former Foreign Minister Pik Botha) and former Defense Minister Magnus Malan HRW, Arms Trade... Professio-nal Air Services Arms deliveries to UNITA HRW, Arms Trade... Southern Air Transport Arms deliveries to UNITA Used also by the U.S. military and intelligence organizations HRW, Arms Trade..., National Security News Service ?98 Avalon Tours Arms deliveries to UNITA HRW, Arms Trade... Ibis Air Flights to Angola on behalf of Executive Outcomes Owned by: Executive Outcomes, ?the air force of Executive Outcomes;? registered in South Africa & Angola; formerly registered as Capricorn Air Mail & Guardian 1/24/97 Sweden Lars Britzelli Arms deliveries to Mobutu regime in Zaire Pilot; smuggling on behalf of Belgium; DC-3 plane Reuters 3/24/93 Tanzania Hassan Transport Company Arms deliveries to Rwanda Connected to: Stuart White, London; Ocean Link, Dar Es Salaam Agence Presse International 7/2/95 Location and/or nationality Transport Company/ Shipper Alleged and/or Confirmed Connections to... Details Source Zaire (N?Djile airport) Africair Arms deliveries Africair was ?grounded? under accusations of filing false flight plans & making cross-border flights in 2/96 Washington Post 3/21/97 African Airways Arms deliveries to UNITA and factions in Burundi Plane and crew were rented from Scibe airline (Zaire); Scibe crew had been leased from Belgian firm that contracted with Moscow Airways; plane crashed in Kinshasa (1/96) with Russian cargo bound for Angola; company was ?grounded? in February 1996 because crew members refused to allow an inspection of cargo; Crew member: Nokolai Kazarin; Protected by: Bemba Solana, who owns Scibe & is also Mobutu?s Sese Seko?s son-in-law HRW, Angola...,Stoking... Washington Post 3/21/97 Air Zaire Arms deliveries to Rwandan Hutu rebels and the Sudanese government Connected to: GMR company, Craig Williamson & William Ters Ehlers 04 BP 7, Abidjan, Abidjan 04 Cote D?Ivoire Tel: (12) 23862 or +225 224 247(Cote D?Ivoire) Fax: (12) 27183 HRW, Rearming... Zaire (cont.) Air Excellence Arms transfers to UNITA Protected by: Mobutu Kongolo, son of Mobutu Sese Seko, alias ?Saddam? and officer in the Dragons Unit of the Presidential Special Division; Connected to: Lebanese smugglers; allegations of illegal activity denied by Co-owner Phillipe Gonda. Mpumalanga, PO Box 6166 Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa; Phones: 27 13 741 4651 & 27 13 752 7673; Fax: 27 13 741 4653 & 27 13 752 6186 Gauteng, PO Box 81768, Doornpoort, 0017, South Africa; Phone/Fax: 27 12 547 2996 &27 82 892 3007 Operations Manager: Rae B. Brown E-mail: airex@pixie.co.za www.tip.co.za/tip/airexcellence/airexcellence.htm Donna Bryson, AP 3/28/97 Washington Post 3/21/97, Le Vif/L?Express 12/5-11/97 Utair Arms deliveries to UNITA Unclear whether company uses N?Djile airport as a transfer point only, or whether company is based in Zaire HRW, Arms Trade... PAE Arms deliveries to UNITA Unclear whether company uses N?Djile airport as a transfer point only, or whether company is based in Zaire; Aircraft: Ilyushin Il-76 HRW, Arms Trade... Location and/or nationality Transport Company/ Shipper Alleged and/or Confirmed Connections to... Details Source Zaire (cont.) Blue Air Line (BAL) Arms deliveries to UNITA Unclear whether company uses N?Djile airport as a transfer point only; or whether company is based in Zaire; Aircraft: Electra L188; Crew: Vanderset HRW, Arms Trade... ATO Air Arms deliveries to UNITA and factions in Burundi Protected by: Honore N?Gbanda, Special Advisor to Mobutu Sese Seko on Security Matters, nicknamed ?Terminator?; Planes in operation: DC-4s, DC-6s, Ilyushin transport craft and Britannia plane; also transports fuel, beer, food, & medical equipment; ATO was ?grounded? under accusations of filing false flight plans & making cross-border flights in 2/96 HRW, Angola...,Stoking..., Washington Post 3/21/97 Express City Cargo Arms deliveries to UNITA and factions in Burundi HRW, Angola...,Stoking... Fil Air Arms deliveries to UNITA and factions in Burundi HRW, Angola...,Stoking..., Le Vif/L?Express 12/5-11/97 Service Air Protected by General Kpama Baramoto, in-law of Mobutu?s first wife & Commander of Civil Guard; Service Air was ?grounded? under accusations of filing false flight plans & making cross-border flights in 2/96 Washington Post 3/21/97 Guila Air Arms deliveries to UNITA and factions in Burundi Guila Air was ?grounded? under accusations of filing false flight plans & making cross-border flights in 2/96; Crew: Koch & Marsal; Aircraft: 3 Nordarlas & Viscount V744 HRW, Angola...,Stoking..., Washington Post 3/21/97 Skydeck Arms deliveries to UNITA and factions in Burundi HRW, Angola...,Stoking... Walt Air Arms deliveries to UNITA and factions in Burundi HRW, Angola...,Stoking... Trans-Service Airlift (TSA) Arms deliveries to UNITA and factions in Burundi Crew: Cowez. Terken, Ramaekern, Tys; Aircraft: 2 Electra L188s & Viscount V744 HRW, Angola...,Stoking... Zimbabwe Affre-tair Arms transporting between Zimbabwe and Zaire PO Box AP 13, Harare International Airport, Harare Zimbabwe Tel: 236 (4) 575 000 Fax: 236 (4) 575 011 Zimbabwe Independent 8/22/97, New African 5/96 DEALERS AND MIDDLEMEN Citizenship Dealers, Middlemen Alleged or Confirmed Connections to... Details Source Afghani Ghazi Tamiz Ud Din Khan Arms deliveries to former Rwandan Hutu regime Connected to: Mil-Tec Corporation and Oriental Machineries Inc. Based in: Rome, Italy Milan Corriere 11/19/96 American Fred Zeller Attempted arms deliveries to former Rwandan Hutu regime American ?private arms dealer who allegedly was previously involved in covert CIA operations in support of UNITA;? Investigated by UNICOI HRW, Rearming... Stoking... Belgian Geza Mezosy Arms deliveries to several rebel movements and the governments of Ethiopia, Congo Republic, DRC, Central African Republic, & Sudan Mezosy was arrested in South Africa for illegal arms dealings on March 5, 1998 and was due to appear in court April 15, 1998 in Pretoria, South Africa; Mezosy allegedly deals in semi-automatic & automatic rifles; weapons allegedly are from US stocks connected to the Vietnam war & Czech made arms; Mesozy is also allegedly involved in drug trafficking Southscan 4/17/98 Mathias Hitiamana Arms deliveries to Burundi & Zaire Belgian-Burundian citizen; Connected to: INTERMAG Austin 5/2/98 French Roland Correl Arms deliveries to Congo Republic (Lissouba?s forces) Liberation 10/30/97 Lebanese Sarkis Soghanalian Arms deliveries throughout Africa including Congo Republic (Sassou-Nguesso) Currently lives in Paris, France, but travels under a special U.S. passport; a veteran arms supplier to Africa; most recently involved in supplying arms & assistance to Sassou-Nguesso?s forces on behalf of the French government & French company, Elf Aquitaine; long relationship with U.S. intelligence National Security News Service 1998 Sudanese Muhammed Babikr Arms deliveries to the Ugandan rebel forces Accused New Vision August 5, 1997 Yusaf Babikr Arms deliveries to the Ugandan rebel forces Accused New Vision August 5, 1997 South African General Magnus Malan Arms deliveries to UNITA in exchange for diamonds Accusations made by Charlie Landman, a South African special investigator; Malan is a former South African Cabinet Minister; Connected to: Stephanus Nel, PW Botha & Wonder Air Johannesburg Star 1996, HRW, Arms Trade... Pik Botha Arms deliveries to UNITA in exchange for diamonds Accusations made by Charlie Landman, a South African special investigator; Botha is a former president of South Africa; Connected to: General Magnus Malan, & Stephanus Nel Johannesburg Star 1996 Citizenship Dealers, Middlemen Alleged or Confirmed Connections to... Details Source South Africa (cont.) William Ters Ehlers Coordinating arms deliveries to Rwandan and Burundian Hutu rebels in Eastern Zaire, former Rwandan Hutu regime, Angolan rebel forces (UNITA), currently controlled Tutsi government in Burundi, Mobutu?s former government in Zaire, Kabila?s rebel movement in Zaire PW Botha?s last private secretary (former South African government) & former South African Navy Commander; Connected to: Craig Williamson, founder of South African branch of GMR company & Air Zaire Brokers: South African weapons HRW, Rearming... Mail & Guardian 12/5/97 Craig Williamson Arms deliveries to Rwandan and Burundian Hutu rebels Founded: GMR company; Connected to: William Ter Ehlers; Described as: apartheid-era superspy Mail & Guardian 12/5/97 Stephanus Nel Arms deliveries between South Africa and UNITA Acted as a courier for a deal coordinated by former Cabinet Ministers PW Botha and General Magnus Malan [alleged] Johannesburg Star 1996 Zairean Honore N?Gbanda Arms deliveries to UNITA, Rwandan & Burundian rebels based in Eastern Zaire, & Congo Republic ?In charge of operations designed to destabilize the whole of central Africa? with Mobutu?s son, Mobutu Kongolo; bought weapons on the world market which were then sold to UNITA in exchange for diamonds and shipped via private cargo companies; Protects: ATO Air operations to UNITA [alleged] Le Vif/L?Express 12/5-11/97, HRW, Angola...,Stoking..., Washington Post 3/21/97 Ngable Nzimbi Arms deliveries to Burundian & Rwandan Hutu rebels, & Ugandan rebels Former aide to Mobutu Mail & Guardian 3/20/98 Mudima Mauva Arms deliveries to Burundian & Rwandan Hutu rebels, & Ugandan rebels Former defense minister for Mobutu Mail & Guardian 3/20/98 Mobutu Kongolo Arms deliveries to UNITA, Rwandan & Burundian rebels based in Eastern Zaire, & Congo Republic ?In charge of operations designed to destabilize the whole of central Africa? with Mobutu?s Special Advisor Honore N?Gbanda; bought weapons on the world market & sold them to UNITA in exchange for diamonds; shipped via private cargo companies; Protects: Air Excellence, along with General Kikumba Ombala [alleged] Le Vif/L?Express 12/5-11/97, HRW, Angola...,Stoking..., Washington Post 3/21/97 Bemba Solana Arms deliveries to UNITA and Burundi Involved in arms sales to UNITA in exchange for diamonds; Mobutu?s son-in-law; Protects: African Air HRW, Angola...,Stoking...,Washington Post 3/21/97 General Kikumba Ombala Arms deliveries to UNITA in exchange for diamonds Protects: Air Excellence, with Mobutu?s Seso Seko?s son, Kongolo Mobutu Donna Bryson, AP 3/28/97, Washing-ton Post 3/21/97 General Kpama Baramota Arms deliveries to UNITA, Burundi & Rwandan Hutu rebels, & Ugandan rebels Former aide to Mobutu; Involved in arms sales to UNITA in exchange for diamonds; Protects: Service Air Washington Post 3/21/97, Mail & Guardian 3/20/98 Zairean-Burundian Aziza Gulimani Involved in major arms deliveries to Burundian Hutu rebels and Angola (arms - for - diamonds) Connected to: 2 of Mobutu?s relatives: General Baramoto and Jean Soloana; connections in Tanzania HRW, Stoking... AIRPORTS Major Airports Involved Country Details Alleged or Confirmed Connections to... Burgas Bulgaria Tel: (56) 28 31 (Director General) Fax: (56) 3 90 45 (Operations) Major point at which Eastern European arms are retrieved for shipment to Central Africa N?Djile Kinshasa, Zaire Major transfer point for destinations throughout Central Africa. At this airport arms are often repackaged on smaller planes to avoid recognition while flying to such destinations as UNITA and Burundian and Rwandan Hutu rebels Ostend Belgium www.ostendairport.be; Contact: Commander Daniel Fontaine (responded to previous arms trafficking allegations); e-mail: airport.auth@ostendair port.be; Tel: (59) 55 14 11 (Commercial Department); Tel: (59) 55 14 12 (Promotions); Fax: (59) 51 32 51 (Commercial Department) Many of the cargo companies which ship arms to Central Africa are based in Ostend; they begin here before going to Burgas Airport, Bulgaria and/or the Former Soviet Union MERCENARY ACTIVITY The instability fueled by the widespread availability of weapons in many African states has left their people and resources ripe for exploitation. This situation has fostered a new colonialism now taking root on the continent, enforced by mercenary troops and financed by multinational corporations and development banks. South Africa?s Executive Outcomes (EO) is the archetype, and its commercial approach to warfare has enormous implications for the region. Executive Outcomes retains about 2,000 white and black veterans of South Africa?s special forces, primarily 32 Buffalo Battalion (disbanded in 1991 for its brutal intervention in South African black townships) and the Civil Cooperation Bureau, which was responsible for anti-insurgency inside South Africa and abroad. It has effectively quashed the 19-year old UNITA insurgency in Angola, and secured oil, diamond and rutile (titanium ore) concessions in Angola and Sierra Leone. EO is not the only company providing corporate mercenary services. Others include the U.K. companies Sandline International (which has contracted with EO), Defence Systems Limited and Gurkha Security Guards. French, Portuguese and Israeli companies are also involved. Most of these companies have numerous spin-offs and associated shells, many of them in partnership with local strongmen or government officials. In extreme cases, mercenary companies have waged full-scale war to further their client?s interests. EO?s strategic policy is to take the fight to the insurgents, destroying important installations and killing key personnel, while simultaneously training a professional military cadre to prosecute the war on a wider scale. In addition to former South African professional officers and NCOs, EO can provide an air force -- Mi-24E Hind gunships and Mi-17 transport helicopters, and MiG-23 jets -- as well as air transport, field hospital services and other trappings of modern warfare. The group has played a major role in recent wars in Angola, Sierra Leone, and Papua New Guinea. The South Africans allegedly offered to bail out former Zairean dictator Mobutu Sese Seko (as did the American company Military Professional Resources, Inc.), but Mobutu refused their $150 million asking price. EO is also rumored to be involved in several other African countries, notably Uganda, as well as Malaysia, Sri Lanka and possibly Bosnia. Angola: Starting in 1993, when the Angolan state oil company invited South African mercenaries into the country to secure the Soyo oil field, Executive Outcomes systematically destroyed the UNITA insurgency. Ironically, most of EO?s personnel had fought with UNITA when the rebel group enjoyed active South African and CIA support. An armored thrust led by EO troops in late 1995 devastated UNITA?s core force and ended with the capture of the Cafunfo diamond fields. Scattered and deprived of their financial support structure, Jonas Savimbi?s rebels had little choice but to make peace with the MPLA government of President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos. EO was officially forced out of Angola when the United States threatened to block UN aid unless EO was expelled. The American military advising group Military Professional Resources, Inc. (MPRI) was widely expected to move into the void, trading on the introduction of Bush administration Under Secretary of State for African Affairs Herman ?Hank? Cohen. But MPRI has been unable to reach an agreement with the Angolan government. This could be because EO never really left -- it just set up shell companies, many of them part-owned by Angolan government officials and military officers. Other possible reasons for MPRI?s failure in Angola are its lack of an independent funding mechanism analogous to EO?s use of Branch Energy. According to recent reports by the South Africa Monthly Regional Bulletin, Teleservices, a subsidiary of Gray Security, began operations on behalf of the Angolan government in January 1998. COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY: POLITICAL SKETCHES AND ARMS SALES CHARTS ANGOLA Although Angola?s bitter 19 year civil war officially ended in 1994, with the signing of the Lusaka Peace Accord, the situation remains extremely tenuous. On April 9, 1998 the Johannesburg Mail & Guardian reported that the civil war could flare up again in conjunction with the end of the rainy season in 1998. The rebel group UNITA has resisted implementing the peace agreement and continues to re-arm. In recent months, UNITA has been buying weapons from South African apartheid-era smugglers. Through October 1997, UNITA was obtaining most of its Eastern European-made weapons through private deals (in exchange for diamonds) via DRC, Congo Republic, and South Africa. In hopes of cutting off these supply lines, Angola became embroiled in civil wars in DRC and Congo Republic in the past two years. Various sources noted below, however, show that the government party (MPLA) also continues to arm, trading oil for weapons. According to a report by Human Rights Watch Arms Division, the Angolan government spent more than $3.5 billion on light weapons and small arms purchases in 1993 and 1994 alone. The Washington Post reported on October 21, 1997, that despite the assistance provided to rebel leader Laurent Kabila by the Angolan government in Zaire?s civil war, planes have continued to transport cargo between UNITA territory and Democratic Republic of Congo?s infamous N?Djile airport, even after Kabila?s takeover. According to a Seattle Times November 8, 1996 article, UNITA funnels its arms deliveries through DRC in large part using the trade network infrastructure set up by the CIA, which provided covert military assistance to UNITA in the 1980s. The landing strips and the middlemen created during this era remain. According to estimates by Human Rights Watch, over 500,000 people were killed during Angola?s two decade war. Angolan Government Forces: Movement for the Liberation of People?s Angola (MPLA) Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source Belarus 1993 ACVs (21) HRW, Arms Trade... Brazil ?95-?96 Arms Society Under Siege 1994 Reconnaissance aircraft (6 Tucano) HRW, Arms Trade... 7/93 $164 million Rockets (6,000 X-40 & X-60) Launching trucks (20) Avibras Company HRW, Arms Trade... Bulgaria 1994 5 shipments Weapons HRW, Arms Trade... 1993 Tanks (24 T-62) ACVs (29) HRW, Arms Trade... Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source Czech Republic 12/93 $100 million Tanks (30 T-55 & T-62) ACVs (40 BMP-1) Artillery (20 M-46 130mm) Anti-aircraft guns (20 ZSU-23-4 23mm) Shells (1,000 100mm) Artillery shells (1,000 122mm) Ammunition (4 million rounds) Spare parts These weapons were from both Russia & Czech Republic; sent via the boat, Nora Hereen, a freighter registered in Germany HRW, Arms Trade... 1993 ACVs (7 BVP-2s) Czech Republic imported these weapons from Hungary & re-exported them to Angola HRW, Arms Trade... France 1995 $20,000 (approx.) Material military aid Ventes d?armes 1994 $40,000 (approx.) Material military aid Training (22 Angolan soldiers) French military in Angola (2) Ventes d?armes 1993 French military in Angola (10) Ventes d?armes Middle East ?93-?95 $100 million Arms (including Israeli Galil rifles) Israel was identified specifically ACDA 1996 Nigeria Sometime between ?93-?95 Rifles (G3) HRW, Arms Trade... North Korea 1993 $95 million Missiles (SA-2) ACVs (BMP-1& BMP-2) Pilot Training HRW, Arms Trade... Poland 1994 ACVs (50 approx.) NAT Company involved [alleged] Military Balance 96/97, Voice of America 6/15/95 Portugal ?95-?96 Arms Society Under Siege Through ?94 Military training Infantry reconnaissance Strategic planning Training special police HRW, Arms Trade... Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source Portugal (cont.) 1993 $100 million Tanks (T-62) Missiles (light anti-tank) APCs (BMP-3s) Cannons (20mm for helicopters) Ammunition (40,000 rounds) Second-hand equipment; deal made through Jose Antonio Saraiva (financial advisor to the Sultan of Brunei), & SPE, a Portuguese company which helped coordinate the deal; funds transferred through National Bank of Luxembourg, Banco Nacional de Angola, Blic Bank-Republic National Bank & Rothbury Finance Corporation HRW, Arms Trade... 1970 onward Helicopters (Alouette-multi functional combat) OGMA Corporation officials maintained that these helicopters are not lethal military material; analysts challenged this assertion Lisbon RTP 11/30/94 Russia 1/98 $200 million MiG 23s Rosvoorsouszhenie Armaments; the deal is still in discussion stages Johannesburg Star 1/7/98 9/97 MiG 23s (8) Helicopters (Mi-17) Heavy Artillery SIMPORTEX Corporation; Eastern European & Russian-made weapons Mail & Guardian 10/16/97 ?94-?96 Russian fighters (50) Helicopters (Mi-17) Helicopter parts Trucks Deliveries from a pre-Lusaka peace agreement arms deal [alleged] Defense News 10/14/96 1994 59 tons Ammunition (7.62mm) On-board a Russian cargo ship, Modul, which was being held by Ukrainian authorities HRW, HRW, Arms Trade... Del: 1994 ACVs (138) Tanks (10) Military Balance 96/97 12/93 $100 million Tanks (30 T-55 & T-62) ACVs (40 BMP-1) Artillery (20 M-46 130mm) Anti-aircraft guns (20 ZSU-23-4 23mm) Shells (1,000 100mm) Artillery shells (1,000 122mm) Ammunition (4 million rounds) Spare parts These weapons were from both Russia & Czech Republic; sent via the boat, Nora Hereen, a freighter registered in Germany HRW, Arms Trade... Slovakia Del: 1994 Artillery (40 122m) Military Balance 96/97 Spain 1993 $32 million Military equipment Government assistance from government of Spain to purchase equipment El Mundo 1/26/95 1992 Military Training Civil Guard trained Angola?s Government Rapid Deployment Force (Ninjas) HRW, Arms Trade... South Africa Sometime between ?93-?95 Arms (including R-5 assault rifles) Society Under Siege Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source South Africa (cont.) ?92-1/96 $40 million (for 1994 only) Mercenaries (at least 400) Training Piloting missions Executive Outcomes; deal also connected to Saracen Int?l, Stuart Mills Int?l, & Shibata Security firms Interpress Service 2/7/96, Society Under Siege Switzer- land Sometime between ?93-?95 Arms Society Under Siege Ukraine 1996 Attack helicopters (2 Mi-24B) UN Arms Register United States 1997 $174,000 IMET Africa Policy Report 3/98 1997 $11,618,000 Commercial exports Licensed for commercial sale Africa Policy Report 3/98 1996 $80 million $89,000 Manufacturing & technical assistance agreements Crypto equipment components Licensed for commercial sales State Dept. Commercial Licenses 1996 $2,000 Foreign Military Financing FMS ?96 1993 $8,000 Commercial export Licensed for commercial sale FMS ?96 Uzbekistan Sometime between ?93-?95 Arms Society Under Siege Zambia Sometime between ?93-?95 Arms Transhipment point HRW, Arms Trade... Zimbabwe Sometime between ?93-?95 Ammunition Bombs Zimbabwe Defense Industries; via Zambia HRW, Arms Trade... Angolan Rebel Forces: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source Belgium Arms Private Belgian cargo transporters; Eastern European and former Soviet Union-made weapons HRW, Stoking.... Botswana ?92-?94 Arms Transhipment point for South African arms smuggling [alleged] HRW, Arms Trade... Bulgaria 11/96- 6/97 Mortars (60mm and 80mm) Anti-tank ammunition Via Mozambique (Nacala) & Zambia, Cessna 210s & DC3 transporters [alleged] Mail & Guardian 6/20/97, Lisbon Radio Renascenca 6/25/97 1996 4 flights a week; 450 tons AK-47s Rocket grenades Rocket launchers Mortars (60 mm & 120 mm) Russian planes; via N?Djile airport, Zaire [alleged] Seattle Times 11/ 8/96, Washington Post 3/21/97 Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source Bulgaria (cont.) 1992-1994 Weapons HRW, Arms Trade... China 1994 Artillery (120mm D-30) Government transactions or government facilitated transactions; often via N?Djile airport, Zaire [alleged] HRW, Arms Trade... Congo Republic [Lissouba] 5/97- 10/97 Weapons Only a transhipment point; allegedly with official support, but denied by President Lissouba Washington Post 10/21/97 & 11/9/97 France July 1994 Weapons Via Goma, Zaire; allegations made by president of Zaire?s Union for Democracy & Social Progress, Francois Takese Luanda Radio Nacionel Network, 7/12/94 ?for years? Mercenary Alain Tismit, former French marine colonel runs an air transporting company [alleged] Paris LCI Television 11/9/97, Liberation 10/30/97 Lebanon ?94 - ?96 Mercenaries Allegations by government; private mercenaries HRW, Angola... Morocco 5/97 -8/97 Military advisors Training in Morocco Luanda TPA Television Network 8/30/97 Mozambique 1997 Arms Major transhipment point since Eastern Zaire, the traditional supply route, was restricted as a result of the Zairean civil war Mail & Guardian 6/20/97 Namibia Ongoing Mainly petroleum Government transactions or government facilitated transactions; also Rundu is a major transhipment point [alleged] Society Under Siege, HRW, Arms Trade... Russia 1/96 - 6/96 ?Sensitive? cargo: AK-47s Rocket grenades & launchers Mortars (60 mm & 120 mm) [possible] Via Zaire; bound for Luzamba; this plane crashed, but flights noted as a ?common occurrence?; Bulgarian arms and Russian planes Seattle Times 11/8/96, IPS, HRW, Rearming.... ?94 - ?96 Mercenaries Allegations by Angolan government of private Russian mercenaries HRW, Angola... ?92-?93 170 tons Weapons Pilots (60) Via, Bophuthatswana, South Africa; 10 shipments; via Ecotrends cargo company HRW, Arms Trade... South Africa Up through 2/98 Military Equipment Supplies 9 South Africans (Peter Bietzke, R Swanepoel, M Steyn, MJ Steyn, GW Allen, M van Eeckelen, MJ Jeffries, Johnny Perreira & Mr Steenberg) were arrested for shipping supplies on a DC-4 Belgian aircraft to UNITA territory; the plane was forced to land by the Angolan Air Force; the pilot admits to over 300 flights to UNITA, although no arms were found on this flight; arms have been transferred via Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana & Zaire Mail & Guardian 2/6/98 & 4/9/98, HRW, Arms Trade... Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source South Africa (cont.) 5/97-8/97 Arms Military advising Possibly landing at Lunda Norte & Lunda Sol [alleged] Luanda TPA Television Network 8/30/97 1996 Fuel William Ters Ehlers negotiated the deal with Yurand Air owned by Iouri Sidirov from Namibia [alleged] Mail & Guardian 3/15/96 1995 Diamonds & ivory Arms Former Cabinet Ministers PW Botha and General Magnus Malan brokered the arms deals & Stephanus Nel acted as a courier [alleged] Johannesburg Star 1996 ?88-6/93 Military training Weapons maintenance Executive Outcomes Society Under Siege Sudan ?97-?98 (at least) Arms For coordinated missions with Hutu rebels from Rwanda & Burundi & former Zairean army soldiers Le Soir 2/2/98 Swaziland ?95 Weapons Transhipment point; denied by government Intern?l Security Digest 5/5/95 Tanzania 1998 [at least] Weapons Transhipment point only [alleged] Mail & Guardian 4/9/98 Uganda 1998 [at least] Weapons Transhipment point only [alleged] Mail & Guardian 4/9/98 Ukraine 1992-1994 Weapons HRW, Arms Trade... Zaire [Mobutu & Kabila after ?97] 2/97-4/97 Weapons Destination: Lunda Norte and Lunda Sol Provinces; a ?main supply line? Luanda TPA Television Network 8/30/97 ?94 -5/97 At least 2 plane loads Weapons ATO Cargo Company; via N?Djile, supported by Zairean government [alleged] HRW, Angola... 1996-1997 $500 million/yr in diamonds ?Loads of weapons? Fuel 5 Mobutu aids, protecting 12 (approx.) arms traders, operating with 15 planes & crews from Eastern Europe & Russia, according to an Eastern European diplomat; denied by UNITA representative Jardo Muekalia Washington Post 10/29/97, 11/9/97 & 3/2/97, Africa Confidential 5/11/97 1994-1996 Mercenaries Allegations by government of private mercenary activity HRW, Angola... Zambia ?96-?98 Weapons Transhipment point for South African arms smuggling [alleged] Washington Post 10/21/97, Mail & Guardian 3/20/98 Zimbabwe ?92-?94 Weapons Transhipment point for South African arms smuggling [alleged] HRW, Arms Trade... BURUNDI Since 1994, Burundi has undergone four years of brutal ethnic civil war between Hutu majority militias and the Tutsi minority military currently in control of the government. This conflict has been characterized by massive human rights violations committed by both sides, including the rape, torture, and murder of thousands of civilians. These attacks have been made possible by continual arms deliveries to the warring parties. In December 1997, Human Rights Watch Arms Division reported that there is a far-reaching world-wide network of overt, covert, and illicit arms trafficking to Burundi. Their report notes specifically that the arms are largely manufactured in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and China, and that the cargo airport in Ostend, Belgium, the Burgas Airport in Bulgaria, and the N?Djile airport in Zaire are intimately involved in the arms trade. Although efforts to foster peace negotiations continue with little success in Burundi, the crisis has received scant international attention. The release of the Human Rights Watch Arms Division?s Burundi report in December 1997, has prompted greater international concentration on Burundi. The European Parliament passed a resolution on December 18, 1997 calling for an international arms embargo to the entire Great Lakes region. Belgium is undertaking an investigation of Ostend Airport and the U.N. Security Council has reactivated the United Nations Commission of Inquiry into arms trafficking in the Great Lakes. Although the commission?s mandate is restricted to arms sales to the former Rwandan government, the inquiry may result in increased information on arms flows throughout the region. The United States has resisted implementing a regional arms embargo in the Great Lakes. Kathi Austin, author of the December 1997 Human Rights Watch report on Burundi?s arms trade, explained to National Security News Service in an interview on December 13, 1997 that, in her opinion, this results directly from U.S. interest in preserving arms supply lines to rebels in Sudan and government forces in Uganda and Rwanda. Burundi Government: Tutsi controlled, President Pierre Buyoya Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source Angola ?95-?96 Transhipment point for weapons shipments from South Africa HRW, Stoking... Belgium ?96 on Arms Belgium?s Ostend airport is a major transhipment point; an investigation into operations was launched in ?98 HRW, Stoking... Bulgaria 2/98 Arms Attempted weapons shipment from Burgas airport to Burundi, but grounded in Lagos after weapons were found; Buyoya?s aide, Alfred Nkurunziza was found aboard the Trans Arabian Transport Boeing 707 plane De Standaard 3/13/98 11/ 96 9 flights Arms Burgas airport; offer only, no sale De Morgen 11/9/96 China ?94-?96 Military equipment Land mines Ammunition Weapons Via Uganda, Kenya, & Tanzania; often arms sent as joint shipments with Rwanda & Uganda; possibly including weapons from ?Chinese-built? Nakasongola arms factory in Northern Uganda HRW, Stoking... Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source France 1995 $2 million 6 vehicles & 1 Alouette helicopter [alleged] Les ventes d?armes 1995 $3 million Gendarme: vehicles, transmission materials, and assembling of 5 mobile brigades Training (military-79 & gendarme-14) French military and gendarme in Burundi (31) HRW, Stoking... ?95 on Soldiers Private actor: Christophe Boutonnier HRW, Stoking... Germany 1996 Tank engines (10) Neu Brandenburger Fahrzeug Werke company, via Belgium De Morgen 1/4/97 Kenya ?94-?96 Transhipment point for weapons shipments from China HRW, Stoking... Mozam-bique 1996 Weapons Via Uganda; allegations made by Ugandan diplomats HRW, Stoking... Russia June 1997 4 flights weekly for months Arms Ammunition Armored vehicles Aeroflot HRW, Stoking... Mid-1996 Weekly shipments Arms Military Equipment Russian pilots & planes HRW, Stoking... Mid-1996 Air traffic control military training Radar systems operations training HRW, Stoking... Rwanda 1996 Direct military assistance Collaboration in counter-insurgency operations in northern Burundi HRW, Stoking... South Africa 1996 Military assistance Military training South African private security firms HRW, Stoking... ?95-?96 Weapons Shipments may be linked to old apartheid government (William Ters Ehlers); deal implemented via private enterprises & cargo companies; via UNITA territory HRW, Stoking... Tanzania ?94-?96 Transhipment point for weapons shipments from China & Mozambique HRW, Stoking... Uganda Arms In addition, Uganda has also been a transhipment point for Chinese weapons [alleged] HRW, Stoking... United States 1996 $9,420 2 Crypto machines 1 Speech & voice scrambler Licensed for commercial sale State Dept. Commercial Licenses 1996 $71,000 3 IMET FMS ?96 1995 $44,000 5 IMET FMS ?96 1993 $333,000 17 IMET FMS ?96 Burundian Armed Hutu Rebels: CNDD, PALIPEHUTU, FROLINA, FDD Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source Angola [UNITA] Up to 1996 Arms Training Reciprocal measure to Mobutu?s allies for his long time support to UNITA; also acted as transhipment point for South African arms smuggling HRW, Stoking... Azerbaijan ?94-?97 Weapons Weapons originated in Bulgaria, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan, and other countries in the former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe; deals made through private brokering companies and cargo companies based in Belgium HRW, Stoking... Belgium ?94-?97 Ammunition Rifles Armored vehicle parts Grenade launchers Night vision equipment Transhipment point and base for private brokering companies and cargo companies smuggling weapons from Bulgaria, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan, and other countries in the former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe; the Belgian government began an investigation of operations in 1998 HRW, Stoking... 2/96 - 11/96 Millions of rounds Ammunition FN Herstal (Kenya); 5 Belgian engineers advised workers in technical production; according to aid workers, manufacturing for Hutu rebels occurs with the support of the Belgian government De Morgen 11/9/96 Bulgaria 1996 Arms Kintex corporation; shipment was destined to Rwandan Ex-FAR in Eastern Zaire, but possibly reached Burundian rebels; also transhipment point for a weapons shipment from the Ukraine HRW, Stoking... Germany 1995 Assault rifles Rifles (3) with similar serial numbers found in weapons captured from Hutu militias in Zaire, Heckler and Koch models HRW, Stoking... Kenya 7/95 Arms Transhipment point for arms shipments from Ukraine HRW, Stoking... Mozambique [Nat?l Resistance Movm?t] 1996 Weapons According to Tanzanian diplomats HRW, Stoking... Namibia 1997 Arms Transhipment point for South African arms shipments Johannesburg Independent 3/16/97 & 7/30/96 North Korea 1995 Mortars Training in use of mortars HRW, Stoking... 1994 Training in martial arts Combat training in Gitega HRW, Stoking... Rwanda 1997 Soldiers (at least 4) La Une Radio Network ?/98 Rwanda [ex-FAR] ?94 - ?96 Joint training and cross-border operations (from refugee camps in Eastern Zaire) Active cooperation by Zairean security forces in the camps HRW, Stoking... Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source South Africa ?95-?98 Assault rifles (R-4 & R-5) Anti-tank land mines Grenades Explosives Communications equipment Other arms In ?98, former Mobutu aides including Kpama Baramota, Ngbale Nzimbi & Mudima Mauva allegedly have been smuggling arms ?through old apartheid black market smuggling operations? to Rwandan Hutu, Burundian Hutu, & Ugandan rebels via Zambia [alleged] In ?97, some of the arms listed here were discovered by Buyoya?s government forces; according to the South African affairs department, arms were transferred to Burundian rebels by apartheid era agents coordinating deals with assistance from UNITA; linked to William Ters Ehlers (South African middleman) & GMR Company; private cargo companies were used for shipping; arms were transferred via Angola and/or Namibia Mail & Guardian 12/5/97, Mail & Guardian 3/20/98, Johannesburg Independent 3/16/97 & 7/30/96, Le Vif/L?Express 11/15-21/96, HRW, Stoking... 1996 Mercenaries Military assistance Military training Executive Outcomes and other private security firms; denied by Executive Outcomes, but confirmed by EU special representative to the Great Lakes, Aldo Ajello HRW, Stoking..., Mail & Guardian 12/5-11/97 Sudan ?97-?98 (at least) Arms For coordinated missions with Hutu rebels from Rwanda, UNITA forces, & former Zairean army soldiers Le Soir 2/2/98 Tanzania 1995 onward Major transhipment point; rebels launching operations and receiving weapons from Tanzania HRW, Stoking... Turkmenistan ?94-?97 Arms Weapons from Bulgaria, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan, and other countries in the former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe; private brokering companies and cargo companies based in Belgium HRW, Stoking... Uganda 1997 Soldiers Training Allegedly not sanctioned by government BBC 12/97, Austin 5/2/98 Ukraine 7/95 Arms Viercom corporation; via Bulgaria and Kenya HRW, Stoking... Zaire [Mobutu & Mobutu?s former aides in ?98] 1998 Weapons Former Mobutu aides including Kpama Baramota, Ngbale Nzimbi & Mudima Mauva allegedly have been smuggling arms ?through old apartheid black market smuggling operations? to Rwandan Hutu, Burundian Hutu, & Ugandan rebels via Zambia [alleged] Mail & Guardian 3/20/98 ?94 -?96 Military assistance Logistical support Government support; use of bases in Eastern Zaire; support of Zairean troops HRW, Stoking... ?94 on 21 tons (in one deal alone) Weapons Private transporting operations; Zaire acts as a major transhipment point; one deal linked to Aziza Gulimani HRW, Stoking... Zambia 1998 Weapons Transhipment point for arms smuggling from South Africa by former Mobutu aides [alleged] Mail & Guardian 3/20/98 CONGO REPUBLIC In October of 1997, troops loyal to Pascal Lissouba ? the democratically elected leader of Congo Republic ? lost a four month war waged by supporters of former dictator, Denis Sassou-Nguesso. Since taking power, Sassou-Nguesso has pledged to limit the voice of opposition in Congo Republic and put off elections for two years. Outside military support from Angola and political and financial support from France made his victory possible. According to an October 11, 1997 article in the South African paper, Cape Argus, the Angolan government aided Sassou-Nguesso ? raiding the capital city of Brazzaville with MiG fighter jets in the final days of the war ? for two main reasons: 1) to curtail arms smuggling, which was occurring throughout Lissouba?s presidency to UNITA through Congo Republic; and 2) to stop the Angolan separatist movement (FLEC) from operating from the Congo Republic. Material rather than political interests, however, reportedly prompted support by the French. According to the South African Cape Times on October 27, 1997, ?like conflicts across the region in Angola, Liberia, Sierra Leone and the former Zaire the four-month civil war in the Republic of Congo was fueled largely by a desire for control of natural resources.? When Pascal Lissouba was elected in 1991, ending Sassou-Nguesso?s eleven year dictatorship, he opened up business relations with an American oil company Occidental Petroleum. Until that time, the French oil giant Elf Aquitaine had approximately 80% of Congolese oil production. Bowing to French pressure, Lissouba reneged on any preliminary contracts with Occidental Petroleum. However, France still shifted its support to its former ally, Sassou-Nguesso, according to reports in The New York Times. France and Elf Aquitaine, in particular, allegedly funded arms purchases necessary to Sassou-Nguesso?s successful overthrow of Lissouba. Arms dealer Sarkis Soghanalian told National Security News Service that 500 French troops stationed at an airport in Congo Republic removed themselves, at the request of Elf Aquitaine, so that plane loads of arms for Sassou-Nguesso could be delivered. In October 1997, Lissouba toured the United States to win support for an international initiative to restore his presidency. His efforts have failed thus far to gain significant attention. Robert Reid reported in the Associated Press on October 16, 1997 that international efforts to prevent Sassou Nguesso?s takeover were stymied principally by the United States. In October 1997, the U.S. vetoed a proposed United Nations peacekeeping mission in Congo Republic (with no American military participation). Former Congolese Government: President Pascal Lissouba?s Forces Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source Belgium pre-1998 Rifles Private transaction by Geza Mesozy [alleged] Southscan 4/17/98 11/97 Mercenaries (at least 8) Private actors: 4 Russian pilots & 1 Belgian working for a Belgian security firm; [accusations] Moscow Interfax 11/8/97 DRC [Kabila] 9/97 Mercenaries (100s) New York Times 10/16/98 Country of Origin Date Amount Type of Arms Details Source France 11/97 Mercenaries (at least 7) Private actors: including Alain Tismit & Roland Correl [alleged] Paris LCI Television 11/9/97, Liberation 10/30/97 1995 $1.1 million (approx.) Military support